From bodyrecomposition.com. Anyone have full-text or a subscription to this journal?
May shed some light on the mechanism of successful ketogenic diets (stable blood glucose = improved adherence?).
Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor.
Gailliot, Matthew T.; Baumeister, Roy F.; DeWall, C. Nathan; Maner, Jon K.; Plant, E. Ashby; Tice, Dianne M.; Brewer, Lauren E.; Schmeichel, Brandon J.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007 Feb Vol 92(2) 325-336
Abstract
The present work suggests that self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source. Laboratory tests of self-control (i.e., the Stroop task, thought suppression, emotion regulation, attention control) and of social behaviors (i.e., helping behavior, coping with thoughts of death, stifling prejudice during an interracial interaction) showed that (a) acts of self-control reduced blood glucose levels, (b) low levels of blood glucose after an initial self-control task predicted poor performance on a subsequent self-control task, and © initial acts of self-control impaired performance on subsequent self-control tasks, but consuming a glucose drink eliminated these impairments. Self-control requires a certain amount of glucose to operate unimpaired. A single act of self-control causes glucose to drop below optimal levels, thereby impairing subsequent attempts at self-control. (PsycINFO Database Record © 2007 APA, all rights reserved)
Full Version: Willpower and Blood Glucose
Uploaded to your Heavy Lifter's Log (as this forum doesn't allow attachments).
Awesome. Thank you.
Concerning my earlier query [May shed some light on the mechanism of successful ketogenic diets (stable blood glucose = improved adherence?] - it's the ketones.
If self-control fails when blood glucose drops, having an alternative fuel for the brain might avert a lapse of willpower.
Concerning my earlier query [May shed some light on the mechanism of successful ketogenic diets (stable blood glucose = improved adherence?] - it's the ketones.
If self-control fails when blood glucose drops, having an alternative fuel for the brain might avert a lapse of willpower.
From The Ketogenic Diet:
- brain requires 104 grams of glucose each day
- by the third week of ketosis, 75% of the brains energy needs can be supplied by ketones
- blood glucose levels drop from 80 - 120 to 80 - 85 on a ketogenic diet
Skimmed the article and didn't see before/after blood glucose readings, so no data for testing alternative fuel hypothesis.
- brain requires 104 grams of glucose each day
- by the third week of ketosis, 75% of the brains energy needs can be supplied by ketones
- blood glucose levels drop from 80 - 120 to 80 - 85 on a ketogenic diet
Skimmed the article and didn't see before/after blood glucose readings, so no data for testing alternative fuel hypothesis.
Very, very interesting. Nice find.
So should I snort glucose powder then if I need a boost in mental will power? Lol, seriously though it would be awesome if we could supply glucose just to the brain during a diet.
J Physiol. 2007 Aug 15;583(Pt 1):411.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
Natural sugars and artificial sweeteners are sensed by receptors in taste buds. T2R bitter and T1R sweet taste receptors are coupled through G-proteins, alpha-gustducin and transducin, to activate phospholipase C beta2 and increase intracellular calcium concentration. Intestinal brush cells or solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) have a structure similar to lingual taste cells and strongly express alpha-gustducin. It has therefore been suggested over the last decade that brush cells may participate in sugar sensing by a mechanism analogous to that in taste buds. We provide here functional evidence for an intestinal sensing system based on lingual taste receptors. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry revealed that all T1R members are expressed in rat jejunum at strategic locations including Paneth cells, SCCs or the apical membrane of enterocytes; T1Rs are colocalized with each other and with alpha-gustducin, transducin or phospholipase C beta2 to different extents. Intestinal glucose absorption consists of two components: one is classical active Na+-glucose cotransport, the other is the diffusive apical GLUT2 pathway. Artificial sweeteners increase glucose absorption in the order acesulfame potassium approximately sucralose > saccharin, in parallel with their ability to increase intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation occurs within minutes by an increase in apical GLUT2, which correlates with reciprocal regulation of T1R2, T1R3 and alpha-gustducin versus T1R1, transducin and phospholipase C beta2. Our observation that artificial sweeteners are nutritionally active, because they can signal to a functional taste reception system to increase sugar absorption during a meal, has wide implications for nutrient sensing and nutrition in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
PMID: 17495045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Help me out here....
Is this suggesting that adding a little splenda with a meal will cause your body to obsorbe more glucose from it? This could greatly reduce the need for more CHO to continue to make wise dieting decisions. Refeeds appropriatly spaced out could also satisfy this glucose dependant decision making. Good find Heavy.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
Natural sugars and artificial sweeteners are sensed by receptors in taste buds. T2R bitter and T1R sweet taste receptors are coupled through G-proteins, alpha-gustducin and transducin, to activate phospholipase C beta2 and increase intracellular calcium concentration. Intestinal brush cells or solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) have a structure similar to lingual taste cells and strongly express alpha-gustducin. It has therefore been suggested over the last decade that brush cells may participate in sugar sensing by a mechanism analogous to that in taste buds. We provide here functional evidence for an intestinal sensing system based on lingual taste receptors. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry revealed that all T1R members are expressed in rat jejunum at strategic locations including Paneth cells, SCCs or the apical membrane of enterocytes; T1Rs are colocalized with each other and with alpha-gustducin, transducin or phospholipase C beta2 to different extents. Intestinal glucose absorption consists of two components: one is classical active Na+-glucose cotransport, the other is the diffusive apical GLUT2 pathway. Artificial sweeteners increase glucose absorption in the order acesulfame potassium approximately sucralose > saccharin, in parallel with their ability to increase intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation occurs within minutes by an increase in apical GLUT2, which correlates with reciprocal regulation of T1R2, T1R3 and alpha-gustducin versus T1R1, transducin and phospholipase C beta2. Our observation that artificial sweeteners are nutritionally active, because they can signal to a functional taste reception system to increase sugar absorption during a meal, has wide implications for nutrient sensing and nutrition in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
PMID: 17495045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Help me out here....
Is this suggesting that adding a little splenda with a meal will cause your body to obsorbe more glucose from it? This could greatly reduce the need for more CHO to continue to make wise dieting decisions. Refeeds appropriatly spaced out could also satisfy this glucose dependant decision making. Good find Heavy.
awesome!!!
edit: does anyone own a glucometer here?
edit: does anyone own a glucometer here?
Really interesting stuff guys. Keep it coming!
Ahh yes, the ability to control irritation is effected by blood sugar. I was going to post on the implications and couldn't find the original link.
What was found is that liver releases sugars only up to a point - if a person is irritating, the blood sugar release sharply tails off - this precedes displays of irritation, or loss of temper. It is deliberate but is down to energy conservation - energy is invested in relation to reward. We always said this was the key, and regulated where blood is sent, and how much nutrients it has to contain. Since the brain activity is linked to raised metabolism, a lack of reward and thereby a reduced brain demand, would tend to suggest less physical requirement as well. But, in human temper, the effects act dynamically to induce a more aggresive response, it therefore seems that when an activity is deemed unproductive, the brain induces short temper to eliminate such habitual wastages, by sharply shutting its own blood sugar supply.
What this means is, the body's use of energy is smartly conserved - if the target is worth loosing concentration on, the brain sends a signal to cut off its own supply of blood sugar.
This implies also, in sociopaths, schizoptypes, and autistics, the brain is not commanding or able to supply a secure source of nutrients during social discourse, thus leading to low violence threshold, irritability and impulsivity / attentional disorders.
When kids are fed a 'whole food' vegetable based diet, they usually are observed to miraculously improve in all these aspects - the most likely and immediate explanation is that the real diet stabilises brain sugar.
We were discussing this earlier - the idea of blood sugar abnormalities causing disorders of mood and affect is verty old - going back to the 1970's/
It was known as 'non diabetic reactive hypoglycemia' - there is however, no evidence that this popularly believed condition exists. What we found in our own researches, is that there is newly discovered, parallel insulin system in the brain, that is independent of plasma sources of insulin. This has led towards the idea of a 'type 3 diabetes'.
When you give people with depression an antidepressant plus magnesium, the overall effect is increased 5 times - effects on insulin sensitivity and brain cell metabolism are likely the most part of it, and this shows the general strategy we should probably take to treat many of these conditions.
Glucose based drinks with certain antioxidants have more gradual glucose absorption.
What was found is that liver releases sugars only up to a point - if a person is irritating, the blood sugar release sharply tails off - this precedes displays of irritation, or loss of temper. It is deliberate but is down to energy conservation - energy is invested in relation to reward. We always said this was the key, and regulated where blood is sent, and how much nutrients it has to contain. Since the brain activity is linked to raised metabolism, a lack of reward and thereby a reduced brain demand, would tend to suggest less physical requirement as well. But, in human temper, the effects act dynamically to induce a more aggresive response, it therefore seems that when an activity is deemed unproductive, the brain induces short temper to eliminate such habitual wastages, by sharply shutting its own blood sugar supply.
What this means is, the body's use of energy is smartly conserved - if the target is worth loosing concentration on, the brain sends a signal to cut off its own supply of blood sugar.
This implies also, in sociopaths, schizoptypes, and autistics, the brain is not commanding or able to supply a secure source of nutrients during social discourse, thus leading to low violence threshold, irritability and impulsivity / attentional disorders.
When kids are fed a 'whole food' vegetable based diet, they usually are observed to miraculously improve in all these aspects - the most likely and immediate explanation is that the real diet stabilises brain sugar.
We were discussing this earlier - the idea of blood sugar abnormalities causing disorders of mood and affect is verty old - going back to the 1970's/
It was known as 'non diabetic reactive hypoglycemia' - there is however, no evidence that this popularly believed condition exists. What we found in our own researches, is that there is newly discovered, parallel insulin system in the brain, that is independent of plasma sources of insulin. This has led towards the idea of a 'type 3 diabetes'.
When you give people with depression an antidepressant plus magnesium, the overall effect is increased 5 times - effects on insulin sensitivity and brain cell metabolism are likely the most part of it, and this shows the general strategy we should probably take to treat many of these conditions.
Glucose based drinks with certain antioxidants have more gradual glucose absorption.
very good post ATB. kudos on th effort.
QUOTE(ATB @ Feb 18 2008, 12:09 PM) [snapback]459084[/snapback]
When you give people with depression an antidepressant plus magnesium, the overall effect is increased 5 times
Glucose based drinks with certain antioxidants have more gradual glucose absorption.
Glucose based drinks with certain antioxidants have more gradual glucose absorption.
Interesting ATB I'd like to hear more on it.
In response to above, what effect is increased 5 times?
And these glucose based drinks have a more gradual glucose absorption compared to what? ANd what are the antioxidants, what do they do?
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 19 2008, 03:22 AM) [snapback]459263[/snapback]
very good post ATB. kudos on th effort.
ATB hit the bull's eye. His level of insight matches Baumeister et al's, without doing the research!
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 18 2008, 01:56 PM) [snapback]459045[/snapback]
awesome!!!
edit: does anyone own a glucometer here?
edit: does anyone own a glucometer here?
Yep. Why?
QUOTE(Jeff @ Feb 19 2008, 08:20 AM) [snapback]459286[/snapback]
Yep. Why?
I have one, as well. AccuCheck or something like that.
QUOTE(ATB @ Feb 18 2008, 03:09 PM) [snapback]459084[/snapback]
Ahh yes, the ability to control irritation is effected by blood sugar. I was going to post on the implications and couldn't find the original link.
What was found is that liver releases sugars only up to a point - if a person is irritating, the blood sugar release sharply tails off - this precedes displays of irritation, or loss of temper. It is deliberate but is down to energy conservation - energy is invested in relation to reward. We always said this was the key, and regulated where blood is sent, and how much nutrients it has to contain. Since the brain activity is linked to raised metabolism, a lack of reward and thereby a reduced brain demand, would tend to suggest less physical requirement as well. But, in human temper, the effects act dynamically to induce a more aggresive response, it therefore seems that when an activity is deemed unproductive, the brain induces short temper to eliminate such habitual wastages, by sharply shutting its own blood sugar supply.
What was found is that liver releases sugars only up to a point - if a person is irritating, the blood sugar release sharply tails off - this precedes displays of irritation, or loss of temper. It is deliberate but is down to energy conservation - energy is invested in relation to reward. We always said this was the key, and regulated where blood is sent, and how much nutrients it has to contain. Since the brain activity is linked to raised metabolism, a lack of reward and thereby a reduced brain demand, would tend to suggest less physical requirement as well. But, in human temper, the effects act dynamically to induce a more aggresive response, it therefore seems that when an activity is deemed unproductive, the brain induces short temper to eliminate such habitual wastages, by sharply shutting its own blood sugar supply.
If I remember correctly, alcohol consumption decreases blood sugar levels which resultis in the post drinking binge eating urge for some. Could this also be part of the mechanism behind the short temper associated with drinking? ETOH-> Mild hypoglycemia -> irritability/lack of temper control???
QUOTE(Jeff @ Feb 19 2008, 07:20 AM) [snapback]459286[/snapback]
Yep. Why?
I want one. can you give me feedback on the one you guys got?
Yes, very good post, ATB. I liked this part
Eat good food instead of crap and it not only reduces the likelyhood of overweight and improves your health overall but in addition, your mood and stress levels improve. No one has ever found this with using sugar substitutes.
QUOTE
When kids are fed a 'whole food' vegetable based diet, they usually are observed to miraculously improve in all these aspects - the most likely and immediate explanation is that the real diet stabilises brain sugar.
Eat good food instead of crap and it not only reduces the likelyhood of overweight and improves your health overall but in addition, your mood and stress levels improve. No one has ever found this with using sugar substitutes.
ATB,
if one finds himself in situations where the exercise of self-restraint is causing fatigue and loss of concentration, could one use the small (4 gr) glucose tablets, which diabetics carry around, to at least partially restore glucose levels (in the blood and or the brain)?
Thanks
if one finds himself in situations where the exercise of self-restraint is causing fatigue and loss of concentration, could one use the small (4 gr) glucose tablets, which diabetics carry around, to at least partially restore glucose levels (in the blood and or the brain)?
Thanks
QUOTE(Sub7 @ Feb 19 2008, 11:54 PM) [snapback]459557[/snapback]
ATB,
if one finds himself in situations where the exercise of self-restraint is causing fatigue and loss of concentration, could one use the small (4 gr) glucose tablets, which diabetics carry around, to at least partially restore glucose levels (in the blood and or the brain)?
Thanks
if one finds himself in situations where the exercise of self-restraint is causing fatigue and loss of concentration, could one use the small (4 gr) glucose tablets, which diabetics carry around, to at least partially restore glucose levels (in the blood and or the brain)?
Thanks
The authors have an experiment addressing this, look at the full-text Dash posted in my log. ("Heavy_lifter's log")
You answer is yes, by the way.
I've been reading about this for a number of weeks now, as this is very helpful for school. Understanding that self control is a limited resource that can be depleted (called ego depletion) sheds light on, and changes, how one should go about studying at any level of academia. Here's another viewpoint on the same study:
QUOTE
Improving Ego Depletion
Even though ego depletion is a reality, you shouldn’t give up hope. Following our athlete analogy, through practice and control over your environment you can still work to reduce and delay these effects to a significant degree.
Here are the strategies that Baumeister, and others, have found to be effective:
1. “Just as exercise can make muscles stronger, there are signs that regular exertions of self-control can improve willpower strength.” Studies show, for example, that introducing a small number of targeted, regular self-control activities in your daily routine — such as “spending money or exercise” — can generate improvements in unrelated areas such as “studying and household chores.”
2. “When people expect to have to exert self-control later, they will curtail current performance more severely.” If you spread work out over more days, you’ll be able to accomplish more in each sitting.
3. “People can exert self-control despite ego depletion if the stakes are high enough.” This is how you are able to get through those all-nighters. However: “there are levels of depletion beyond which people may be unable to control themselves…despite what’s at stake.” Which is why the paper you finish at 4 am sucks something fierce.
In addition, the following activities or behaviors have also been shown to to “moderate or counteract the effects of ego depletion”:
1. Being in a state of positive emotion such as humor.
2. Having a detailed plan before beginning the task.
3. Cash incentives.
4. Replenishing glucose. (Subjects given lemonade did better than those given an identical tasting, sugar-free substitute.)
The Implications for You
The main conclusion I draw from these analyses: you must treat your daily work like a competitive athletic event. Your self-control is a muscle. If you don’t tend to it through rigorous training and careful schedules of use, you’ll perform well below your potential.
The following practical tips can help you re-align your work habits to this reality:
1. Spread out your work. Marathon sessions, spread over many consecutive hours, will prove impossible to sustain unless you have a looming deadline. If you want to avoid falling into a pattern of doing all of your work in panicked all-nighters, start early and work in small chunks.
2. Have a plan. The more specific your plan the easier it will be to finish the task. Never again head off to the library with only the vague intention to “study.”
3. Practice self-control throughout the day. Many students balked at my advice to “make your bed” in my first book. But there was, it seems, a method to my madness. The more daily practice you get with exerting small doses of self-control — from waking up at a regular time to getting to the gym — the easier it will be to summon your willpower during important projects.
4. Eat good meals. You might feel heroic skipping breakfast or pushing through with your work until 9 before grabbing dinner, but the lack of food energy will tank your ability to actually accomplish hard work during these times. Taking 20 minutes to grab an energy-rich meal might save you hours on your total workload.
Even though ego depletion is a reality, you shouldn’t give up hope. Following our athlete analogy, through practice and control over your environment you can still work to reduce and delay these effects to a significant degree.
Here are the strategies that Baumeister, and others, have found to be effective:
1. “Just as exercise can make muscles stronger, there are signs that regular exertions of self-control can improve willpower strength.” Studies show, for example, that introducing a small number of targeted, regular self-control activities in your daily routine — such as “spending money or exercise” — can generate improvements in unrelated areas such as “studying and household chores.”
2. “When people expect to have to exert self-control later, they will curtail current performance more severely.” If you spread work out over more days, you’ll be able to accomplish more in each sitting.
3. “People can exert self-control despite ego depletion if the stakes are high enough.” This is how you are able to get through those all-nighters. However: “there are levels of depletion beyond which people may be unable to control themselves…despite what’s at stake.” Which is why the paper you finish at 4 am sucks something fierce.
In addition, the following activities or behaviors have also been shown to to “moderate or counteract the effects of ego depletion”:
1. Being in a state of positive emotion such as humor.
2. Having a detailed plan before beginning the task.
3. Cash incentives.
4. Replenishing glucose. (Subjects given lemonade did better than those given an identical tasting, sugar-free substitute.)
The Implications for You
The main conclusion I draw from these analyses: you must treat your daily work like a competitive athletic event. Your self-control is a muscle. If you don’t tend to it through rigorous training and careful schedules of use, you’ll perform well below your potential.
The following practical tips can help you re-align your work habits to this reality:
1. Spread out your work. Marathon sessions, spread over many consecutive hours, will prove impossible to sustain unless you have a looming deadline. If you want to avoid falling into a pattern of doing all of your work in panicked all-nighters, start early and work in small chunks.
2. Have a plan. The more specific your plan the easier it will be to finish the task. Never again head off to the library with only the vague intention to “study.”
3. Practice self-control throughout the day. Many students balked at my advice to “make your bed” in my first book. But there was, it seems, a method to my madness. The more daily practice you get with exerting small doses of self-control — from waking up at a regular time to getting to the gym — the easier it will be to summon your willpower during important projects.
4. Eat good meals. You might feel heroic skipping breakfast or pushing through with your work until 9 before grabbing dinner, but the lack of food energy will tank your ability to actually accomplish hard work during these times. Taking 20 minutes to grab an energy-rich meal might save you hours on your total workload.
QUOTE(Redsky @ Feb 20 2008, 06:21 AM) [snapback]459599[/snapback]
I've been reading about this for a number of weeks now, as this is very helpful for school. Understanding that self control is a limited resource that can be depleted (called ego depletion) sheds light on, and changes, how one should go about studying at any level of academia. Here's another viewpoint on the same study:
who wrote that?
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 20 2008, 07:55 AM) [snapback]459608[/snapback]
who wrote that?
http://calnewport.com/blog/?p=253
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 18 2008, 08:49 PM) [snapback]459043[/snapback]
J Physiol. 2007 Aug 15;583(Pt 1):411.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
absorption during a meal, has wide implications for nutrient sensing and nutrition in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
PMID: 17495045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Help me out here....
Is this suggesting that adding a little splenda with a meal will cause your body to obsorbe more glucose from it? This could greatly reduce the need for more CHO to continue to make wise dieting decisions. Refeeds appropriatly spaced out could also satisfy this glucose dependant decision making. Good find Heavy.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
absorption during a meal, has wide implications for nutrient sensing and nutrition in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
PMID: 17495045 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Help me out here....
Is this suggesting that adding a little splenda with a meal will cause your body to obsorbe more glucose from it? This could greatly reduce the need for more CHO to continue to make wise dieting decisions. Refeeds appropriatly spaced out could also satisfy this glucose dependant decision making. Good find Heavy.
yeah, pretty much that spleda and others even though are calorie free(and most would argue on that because its not zero especially when using the packets, anyways..) they still ellicit a responce just like sugar does, and so you get the extra metabolic activities associated with ingesting sugar.
finally! an very good explanation of what mercola was saying for a long time now on artificial sweetners. i loved the guy but i wanted a more thourogh explanation of the possible mechanism.
Thanks!
now if what he says about cell phones is true, then we all are back in the shit*er again! heeh
Stupid question.... Would there be any reason to think that your insulin response wouldn't act normally in the situation of using splenda/AS for enhanced glucose uptake?
I hope you see where I'm going with this WRT leptin levels...
In the other thread we are discussing the glucose response to proteins... Adding some splenda to your meats (or a drink while eating it) could eliminate the need for a calorie heavy refeed.... I have a client I might put this theory to the test with as she is wanting to compete in figure this summer.
I hope you see where I'm going with this WRT leptin levels...
In the other thread we are discussing the glucose response to proteins... Adding some splenda to your meats (or a drink while eating it) could eliminate the need for a calorie heavy refeed.... I have a client I might put this theory to the test with as she is wanting to compete in figure this summer.
Stumbled upon this guy:
Brain glucose concentrations in healthy humans subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia.Criego AB, Tkac I, Kumar A, Thomas W, Gruetter R, Seaquist ER.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
Mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemia unawareness remain unknown. Previously, we found that patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness had increased brain glucose concentrations as measured by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) compared with controls measured under the same metabolic condition, suggesting that an alteration in brain glucose transport and/or metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia unawareness. To determine whether the brain glucose concentration is altered in normal subjects subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia, we compared the brain glucose concentrations measured in healthy subjects after three episodes of hypoglycemia to blunt the counterregulatory response over 24 hr and compared this value with that measured at a time remote from the antecedent hypoglycemia protocol. Sixteen subjects (9 M/7 F, age 36 +/- 10 years, mean +/- SD) underwent three hypoglycemic clamps for 30 min at 8 AM (0 hr), 5 PM (9 hr), and 7 AM (24 hr). After the third hypoglycemic clamp, subjects underwent a hyperglycemic clamp during which brain glucose concentration was measured by MRS at 4 T. Brain glucose concentration after repeated hypoglycemia was not different from the brain glucose concentration measured in the same subjects during a control study (5.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/g wet weight, respectively, P = 0.05). These observations suggest that brain glucose transport or metabolism is not altered following short episodes of recurrent hypoglycemia in healthy human volunteers. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16235252 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Here we have evidence in humans that the hypoglycemic state doesn't effect brain concentrations of glycogen. I'd love to see this same study on a longer term than just 24hrs as I'm sure we all do.
Brain glucose concentrations in healthy humans subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia.Criego AB, Tkac I, Kumar A, Thomas W, Gruetter R, Seaquist ER.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
Mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemia unawareness remain unknown. Previously, we found that patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness had increased brain glucose concentrations as measured by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) compared with controls measured under the same metabolic condition, suggesting that an alteration in brain glucose transport and/or metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia unawareness. To determine whether the brain glucose concentration is altered in normal subjects subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia, we compared the brain glucose concentrations measured in healthy subjects after three episodes of hypoglycemia to blunt the counterregulatory response over 24 hr and compared this value with that measured at a time remote from the antecedent hypoglycemia protocol. Sixteen subjects (9 M/7 F, age 36 +/- 10 years, mean +/- SD) underwent three hypoglycemic clamps for 30 min at 8 AM (0 hr), 5 PM (9 hr), and 7 AM (24 hr). After the third hypoglycemic clamp, subjects underwent a hyperglycemic clamp during which brain glucose concentration was measured by MRS at 4 T. Brain glucose concentration after repeated hypoglycemia was not different from the brain glucose concentration measured in the same subjects during a control study (5.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/g wet weight, respectively, P = 0.05). These observations suggest that brain glucose transport or metabolism is not altered following short episodes of recurrent hypoglycemia in healthy human volunteers. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16235252 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Here we have evidence in humans that the hypoglycemic state doesn't effect brain concentrations of glycogen. I'd love to see this same study on a longer term than just 24hrs as I'm sure we all do.
so i take it, aside from the above info, you think of splenda et al as safe?
Promised I wouldn't post after 8:00AM today, don't tell my mother.
Glucose sensing in the intestinal epithelium
If nutrient sensing GPCRs were common to eukaryotic cells, they wouldprovid e a means of regulating major signal-transduction
pathways by the nutrient status of the cellular environment. The latter is supportedby a recent report showing that a GPCR,GPR40, abundantly expressed in the pancreas, functions as a receptor for long-chain free fatty acids. The latter amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic b-cells by activating GPR40 [32]. Intestinal epithelial cells are exposedfrom the lumenal
domain to an environment with continuous and massive fluctuations in the level of dietary monosaccharides. This is
in contrast with other mammalian cells, which are exposed to a relatively constant bloodglu cose concentration regulatedby
endocrine hormones. Enterocytes therefore have to sense andrespondto the significant fluctuations in lumenal
sugars andregulat e their function accordingly. Dietary sugars have been shown to regulate the expression of the
intestinal lumenal membrane glucose transporter, the Na+/ glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), in a wide range of species
[1,2,4,5].
In summary, our data indicate that lumenal glucose is sensedby a sugar sensor, probably distinct from SGLT1, and located on the external face of the intestinal lumenal membrane. The glucose sensor initiates a signalling pathway, involving a GPCR linkedto a cAMP–PKA pathway, which eventually leads to enhancement of SGLT1 expression, resulting in an increase in the number of functional intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transporters.
free full-text: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/1...33.2003.03721.x
--------------------------------------------------
erratum on Jake's study: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/1...iol.2007.141820
Glucose sensing in the intestinal epithelium
If nutrient sensing GPCRs were common to eukaryotic cells, they wouldprovid e a means of regulating major signal-transduction
pathways by the nutrient status of the cellular environment. The latter is supportedby a recent report showing that a GPCR,GPR40, abundantly expressed in the pancreas, functions as a receptor for long-chain free fatty acids. The latter amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic b-cells by activating GPR40 [32]. Intestinal epithelial cells are exposedfrom the lumenal
domain to an environment with continuous and massive fluctuations in the level of dietary monosaccharides. This is
in contrast with other mammalian cells, which are exposed to a relatively constant bloodglu cose concentration regulatedby
endocrine hormones. Enterocytes therefore have to sense andrespondto the significant fluctuations in lumenal
sugars andregulat e their function accordingly. Dietary sugars have been shown to regulate the expression of the
intestinal lumenal membrane glucose transporter, the Na+/ glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), in a wide range of species
[1,2,4,5].
In summary, our data indicate that lumenal glucose is sensedby a sugar sensor, probably distinct from SGLT1, and located on the external face of the intestinal lumenal membrane. The glucose sensor initiates a signalling pathway, involving a GPCR linkedto a cAMP–PKA pathway, which eventually leads to enhancement of SGLT1 expression, resulting in an increase in the number of functional intestinal Na+-dependent sugar transporters.
free full-text: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/1...33.2003.03721.x
--------------------------------------------------
erratum on Jake's study: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/1...iol.2007.141820
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 18 2008, 12:49 PM) [snapback]459043[/snapback]
J Physiol. 2007 Aug 15;583(Pt 1):411.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2.Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL.
Department of Biology (Area 3), University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
I have this in full-text but cannot attach it here. PM me e-mail address if you want it.
QUOTE(djremix @ Feb 20 2008, 10:52 AM) [snapback]459653[/snapback]
so i take it, aside from the above info, you think of splenda et al as safe?
most certainly. I ran across some study about it not being a carcinogen, but it didn't apply so I refrained from posting it. Nothing wrong with sucralose. Just because nutrasweet was one out of many shown to be bad doesn't mean any of the rest of them are.
Not that you felt this way. I just get that stipulation that AS are some how bad, or give people headaches etc... what a load of shit.
QUOTE(Heavy_Lifter85 @ Feb 20 2008, 11:20 AM) [snapback]459659[/snapback]
I have this in full-text but cannot attach it here. PM me e-mail address if you want it.
Honestly unless in has data in there past 24hr period I think it's moot. Thanks though Heavy. Good thread.
QUOTE(Heavy_Lifter85 @ Feb 20 2008, 06:40 AM) [snapback]459585[/snapback]
The authors have an experiment addressing this, look at the full-text Dash posted in my log. ("Heavy_lifter's log")
You answer is yes, by the way.
You answer is yes, by the way.
Sorry, but how do I access your log? Or alternatively, can you tell me how much glucose was used in the glucose drink and in how many minutes it showed an effect?
QUOTE(Sub7 @ Feb 20 2008, 07:03 PM) [snapback]459807[/snapback]
Sorry, but how do I access your log?
http://www.mindandmuscle.net/forum/index.p...st&p=458880
Thank you Sire
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 20 2008, 08:16 AM) [snapback]459638[/snapback]
In the other thread we are discussing the glucose response to proteins... Adding some splenda to your meats (or a drink while eating it) could eliminate the need for a calorie heavy refeed.... I have a client I might put this theory to the test with as she is wanting to compete in figure this summer.
please help me out here with the math?
.... you lost me... If this is an insult than I'm getting hit twice... Damn...
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 21 2008, 05:24 AM) [snapback]459911[/snapback]
.... you lost me... If this is an insult than I'm getting hit twice... Damn...
I meant please explain your way to your conclusion
QUOTE(Heavy_Lifter85 @ Feb 20 2008, 11:41 PM) [snapback]459882[/snapback]
Hmmmm... I can't seem to find much info on how many grams of CHO was needed to make a difference. The research that is cited is using vague terminology such as "the subjects were given an orange juice drink and muffin"
Liorrh, I'm basing that off of this study previously posted (by me).
I think I aslso asked in this thread (might have been in another) if there was a reason to think insulin wouldn't respond normally. As leptin and insulin seem to have some crosstalk to some degree I hypothesize that if we can use sucralose to spike glucose uptake from meats (which in turn would spike insulin which in turn would raise serum leptin and it's expression) say on a every 3 day basis we could eliminate the use for a calorie rich (and carb rich) refeed... this is all speculation though. You are more than welcome to show me flaws in this theory.
I think I aslso asked in this thread (might have been in another) if there was a reason to think insulin wouldn't respond normally. As leptin and insulin seem to have some crosstalk to some degree I hypothesize that if we can use sucralose to spike glucose uptake from meats (which in turn would spike insulin which in turn would raise serum leptin and it's expression) say on a every 3 day basis we could eliminate the use for a calorie rich (and carb rich) refeed... this is all speculation though. You are more than welcome to show me flaws in this theory.
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 20 2008, 10:38 AM) [snapback]459648[/snapback]
Stumbled upon this guy:
Brain glucose concentrations in healthy humans subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia.Criego AB, Tkac I, Kumar A, Thomas W, Gruetter R, Seaquist ER.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
Mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemia unawareness remain unknown. Previously, we found that patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness had increased brain glucose concentrations as measured by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) compared with controls measured under the same metabolic condition, suggesting that an alteration in brain glucose transport and/or metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia unawareness. To determine whether the brain glucose concentration is altered in normal subjects subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia, we compared the brain glucose concentrations measured in healthy subjects after three episodes of hypoglycemia to blunt the counterregulatory response over 24 hr and compared this value with that measured at a time remote from the antecedent hypoglycemia protocol. Sixteen subjects (9 M/7 F, age 36 +/- 10 years, mean +/- SD) underwent three hypoglycemic clamps for 30 min at 8 AM (0 hr), 5 PM (9 hr), and 7 AM (24 hr). After the third hypoglycemic clamp, subjects underwent a hyperglycemic clamp during which brain glucose concentration was measured by MRS at 4 T. Brain glucose concentration after repeated hypoglycemia was not different from the brain glucose concentration measured in the same subjects during a control study (5.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/g wet weight, respectively, P = 0.05). These observations suggest that brain glucose transport or metabolism is not altered following short episodes of recurrent hypoglycemia in healthy human volunteers. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16235252 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Here we have evidence in humans that the hypoglycemic state doesn't effect brain concentrations of glycogen. I'd love to see this same study on a longer term than just 24hrs as I'm sure we all do.
Brain glucose concentrations in healthy humans subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia.Criego AB, Tkac I, Kumar A, Thomas W, Gruetter R, Seaquist ER.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
Mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemia unawareness remain unknown. Previously, we found that patients with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness had increased brain glucose concentrations as measured by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) compared with controls measured under the same metabolic condition, suggesting that an alteration in brain glucose transport and/or metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia unawareness. To determine whether the brain glucose concentration is altered in normal subjects subjected to recurrent hypoglycemia, we compared the brain glucose concentrations measured in healthy subjects after three episodes of hypoglycemia to blunt the counterregulatory response over 24 hr and compared this value with that measured at a time remote from the antecedent hypoglycemia protocol. Sixteen subjects (9 M/7 F, age 36 +/- 10 years, mean +/- SD) underwent three hypoglycemic clamps for 30 min at 8 AM (0 hr), 5 PM (9 hr), and 7 AM (24 hr). After the third hypoglycemic clamp, subjects underwent a hyperglycemic clamp during which brain glucose concentration was measured by MRS at 4 T. Brain glucose concentration after repeated hypoglycemia was not different from the brain glucose concentration measured in the same subjects during a control study (5.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.5 mumol/g wet weight, respectively, P = 0.05). These observations suggest that brain glucose transport or metabolism is not altered following short episodes of recurrent hypoglycemia in healthy human volunteers. Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16235252 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Here we have evidence in humans that the hypoglycemic state doesn't effect brain concentrations of glycogen. I'd love to see this same study on a longer term than just 24hrs as I'm sure we all do.
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 21 2008, 09:55 AM) [snapback]459983[/snapback]
Liorrh, I'm basing that off of this study previously posted (by me).
I think I aslso asked in this thread (might have been in another) if there was a reason to think insulin wouldn't respond normally. As leptin and insulin seem to have some crosstalk to some degree I hypothesize that if we can use sucralose to spike glucose uptake from meats (which in turn would spike insulin which in turn would raise serum leptin and it's expression) say on a every 3 day basis we could eliminate the use for a calorie rich (and carb rich) refeed... this is all speculation though. You are more than welcome to show me flaws in this theory.
I think I aslso asked in this thread (might have been in another) if there was a reason to think insulin wouldn't respond normally. As leptin and insulin seem to have some crosstalk to some degree I hypothesize that if we can use sucralose to spike glucose uptake from meats (which in turn would spike insulin which in turn would raise serum leptin and it's expression) say on a every 3 day basis we could eliminate the use for a calorie rich (and carb rich) refeed... this is all speculation though. You are more than welcome to show me flaws in this theory.
Occam's Razor might help you. if carbs are useful for redeeds, why use meat+splenda?
QUOTE(Sub7 @ Feb 21 2008, 10:37 AM) [snapback]459980[/snapback]
Hmmmm... I can't seem to find much info on how many grams of CHO was needed to make a difference. The research that is cited is using vague terminology such as "the subjects were given an orange juice drink and muffin"
Study 7 and 8
Next, participants were given 14 ounces of lemonade sweetened
with either sugar (glucose condition) or a sugar substitute (placebo
condition). The glucose drink contained approximately 140 calories,
whereas the placebo contained 0 calories.
Study 9
After finishing the exam, participants were randomly assigned
to receive a glass of lemonade that was either high or low in
glucose. ???
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 21 2008, 12:05 PM) [snapback]460015[/snapback]
Occam's Razor might help you. if carbs are useful for redeeds, why use meat+splenda?
LOL, good point.
QUOTE(Heavy_Lifter85 @ Feb 21 2008, 01:06 PM) [snapback]460016[/snapback]
Study 7 and 8
Next, participants were given 14 ounces of lemonade sweetened
with either sugar (glucose condition) or a sugar substitute (placebo
condition). The glucose drink contained approximately 140 calories,
whereas the placebo contained 0 calories.
Study 9
After finishing the exam, participants were randomly assigned
to receive a glass of lemonade that was either high or low in
glucose. ???
Next, participants were given 14 ounces of lemonade sweetened
with either sugar (glucose condition) or a sugar substitute (placebo
condition). The glucose drink contained approximately 140 calories,
whereas the placebo contained 0 calories.
Study 9
After finishing the exam, participants were randomly assigned
to receive a glass of lemonade that was either high or low in
glucose. ???
Sorry, brain is really slow today -maybe I am the one who needs a glucose drink... Didn't mean to have you do the research for me but I very much appreciate it.
Another question:
If we wish to send as much glucose to the brain as possible and have a few hundred calories worth of a budget, what would be the best way of doing so (le't assume we're bulking and caloric surplus is OK)? Consumer pure glucose and do so all at once? Sip on a glucose drink over 30-45 minutes? Take in some glucose as well as some slower carbs?
QUOTE(Sub7 @ Feb 21 2008, 01:12 PM) [snapback]460040[/snapback]
Sorry, brain is really slow today -maybe I am the one who needs a glucose drink... Didn't mean to have you do the research for me but I very much appreciate it.
Another question:
If we wish to send as much glucose to the brain as possible and have a few hundred calories worth of a budget, what would be the best way of doing so (le't assume we're bulking and caloric surplus is OK)? Consumer pure glucose and do so all at once? Sip on a glucose drink over 30-45 minutes? Take in some glucose as well as some slower carbs?
Another question:
If we wish to send as much glucose to the brain as possible and have a few hundred calories worth of a budget, what would be the best way of doing so (le't assume we're bulking and caloric surplus is OK)? Consumer pure glucose and do so all at once? Sip on a glucose drink over 30-45 minutes? Take in some glucose as well as some slower carbs?
Wish the study had data on blood sugar levels before and after the 'willpower task.' Without knowing the magnitude of the dip in blood glucose, its hard to answer your question.
Remember that with pure glucose a peak and trough in serum levels will occur due to the action of insulin. Perhaps Supercarb with or without glucose would work better (i.e. serum glucose elevated for some time, no major insulin response). There's also a thread here on trehalose, which caused an insulin response similar to placebo.
(This is just hurried speculation.)
So uh, why is my willpower better on a low-carb diet... is the percentage of energy that comes from ketone bodies in the brain less susceptible to being overused or something?
I'd assume that your actual signalling would be improved, and glucose supply to the brain would actually be improving. Its difficult to conclude anything. Brain concentrations of glucose? What if low glucose supply is measured at a point between glia and neurons, and that activity rapidly adjusts to available blood supply. Glia supply energy, as well as have a few grams of what is thought to be 'emergency' glycogen which is replenished throughout the day.
QUOTE(ATB @ Feb 18 2008, 01:09 PM) [snapback]459084[/snapback]
When kids are fed a 'whole food' vegetable based diet, they usually are observed to miraculously improve in all these aspects - the most likely and immediate explanation is that the real diet stabilises brain sugar.
QUOTE(Frangible @ Feb 21 2008, 01:49 PM) [snapback]460079[/snapback]
So uh, why is my willpower better on a low-carb diet... is the percentage of energy that comes from ketone bodies in the brain less susceptible to being overused or something?
Same here. Just got past the "transition phase" headaches and all, and onto day 8 of keto. I feel fantastic, energy is great, head is clear, mood is good.
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 21 2008, 11:05 AM) [snapback]460015[/snapback]
Occam's Razor might help you. if carbs are useful for redeeds, why use meat+splenda?
Perhaps an intent on stimulating leptin with insulin (plus possibly facilitated amino acid uptake) without increasing glycogen stores, which could limit subsequent fat burning?
QUOTE(Frangible @ Feb 21 2008, 03:49 PM) [snapback]460079[/snapback]
So uh, why is my willpower better on a low-carb diet..
You made a joke when I said it before, but eating protein/fat seems to leave me satiated, whereas eating carbs seems to make me satiated briefly and then hungry sometime later. The old joke about eating chinese food and being hungry an hour later, I presume because of the rice, seems to have some merit--at least in some people.
QUOTE(liorrh @ Feb 21 2008, 01:05 PM) [snapback]460015[/snapback]
Occam's Razor might help you. if carbs are useful for redeeds, why use meat+splenda?
because of some people's response to CHO (in a negative way), but moreso because of what I already said about refeeds being more calories dense and in the form of CHO I tend to gain more bf than if it were just a surplus of protein/fat.
Asking a mirrored question, if you can use meat+splenda, why use carbs?
Why are you busy arguing instead of posting relevent data. Your arguing for ignorance's sake. Seems pretty ridiculous.
QUOTE(Jakeshorts @ Feb 21 2008, 11:30 PM) [snapback]460194[/snapback]
Asking a mirrored question, if you can use meat+splenda, why use carbs?
Price, for one. In general, protein is the most expensive macronutrient, carbs the cheapest.
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